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			<h1>Python3 <span class="color_h1">字符串</span></h1>
<p>字符串是 Python 中最常用的数据类型。我们可以使用引号( <span class="marked">'</span> 或 <span class="marked">"</span> )来创建字符串。</p>

<p>创建字符串很简单，只要为变量分配一个值即可。例如：</p>
<div class="example">
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-identifier">var1</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-string">Hello World!</span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">var2</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">Runoob</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<h2>Python 访问字符串中的值</h2>
<p>Python 不支持单字符类型，单字符在 Python 中也是作为一个字符串使用。</p>
<p>Python 访问子字符串，可以使用方括号 <span class="marked">[]</span> 来截取字符串，字符串的截取的语法格式如下：</p> <pre>变量[头下标:尾下标]</pre><p>索引值以 <strong>0</strong> 为开始值，<strong>-1</strong> 为从末尾的开始位置。</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://static.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/123456-20200923-1.svg"></p>

<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/python-str-runoob.png"></p>
<p>如下实例：</p>
<div class="example"> 
<h2 class="example">实例(Python 3.0+)</h2> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-comment">#!/usr/bin/python3</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-identifier">var1</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-string">Hello World!</span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">var2</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">Runoob</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-identifier">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">var1[0]: </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">var1</span><span class="hl-brackets">[</span><span class="hl-number">0</span><span class="hl-brackets">]</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">var2[1:5]: </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">var2</span><span class="hl-brackets">[</span><span class="hl-number">1</span><span class="hl-code">:</span><span class="hl-number">5</span><span class="hl-brackets">]</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>以上实例执行结果：</p>
<pre>
var1[0]:  H
var2[1:5]:  unoo
</pre>
<hr>
<h2>Python 字符串更新</h2>
<p>你可以截取字符串的一部分并与其他字段拼接，如下实例：</p>
<div class="example"> 
<h2 class="example">实例(Python 3.0+)</h2> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-comment">#!/usr/bin/python3</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-identifier">var1</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-string">Hello World!</span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-identifier">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">已更新字符串 : </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">var1</span><span class="hl-brackets">[</span><span class="hl-code">:</span><span class="hl-number">6</span><span class="hl-brackets">]</span><span class="hl-code"> + </span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-string">Runoob!</span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>以上实例执行结果</p>

<pre>
已更新字符串 :  Hello Runoob!
</pre><hr>
<h2>Python 转义字符</h2>
<p>在需要在字符中使用特殊字符时，python 用反斜杠 <span class="marked">\</span> 转义字符。如下表：</p>
<table class="reference">
<thead>
<tr>
<th width="8%">转义字符</th><th>描述</th><th>实例</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>\(在行尾时)</td>
<td>续行符</td>
<td>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; print("line1 \
... line2 \
... line3")
line1 line2 line3
&gt;&gt;&gt; 
</pre>


</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\\</td>
<td>反斜杠符号</td>
<td>
<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; print("\\")
\</pre>

</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\'</td>
<td>单引号</td>
<td>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; print('\'')
'
</pre>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\"</td>
<td>双引号</td>
<td>
<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; print("\"")
"</pre>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\a</td>
<td>响铃</td>
<td>

<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; print("\a")</pre>执行后电脑有响声。</td>

</tr>
<tr>
<td>\b</td>
<td>退格(Backspace)
<td>
<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; print("Hello \b World!")
Hello World!</pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>\000</td>
<td>空</td>
<td>
<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; print("\000")

&gt;&gt;&gt; 
</pre>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\n</td>
<td>换行</td>
<td>
<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; print("\n")


&gt;&gt;&gt;</pre>
</td>

</tr>
<tr>
<td>\v</td>
<td>纵向制表符</td>
<td>
<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; print("Hello \v World!")
Hello 
       World!
&gt;&gt;&gt;</pre>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\t</td>
<td>横向制表符</td>
<td>
<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; print("Hello \t World!")
Hello &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; World!
&gt;&gt;&gt;</pre>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\r</td>
<td>回车，将 <span class="marked">\r</span> 后面的内容移到字符串开头，并逐一替换开头部分的字符，直至将 <span class="marked">\r</span> 后面的内容完全替换完成。</td>
<td>
<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; print("Hello\rWorld!")
World!
&gt;&gt;&gt; print('google runoob taobao\r123456')
123456 runoob taobao
</pre>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\f</td>
<td>换页</td>
<td>
<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; print("Hello \f World!")
Hello 
       World!
&gt;&gt;&gt; 
</pre>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\yyy</td>
<td>八进制数，y 代表 0~7 的字符，例如：\012 代表换行。</td>
<td>
<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; print("\110\145\154\154\157\40\127\157\162\154\144\41")
Hello World!</pre>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\xyy</td>
<td>十六进制数，以 \x 开头，y 代表的字符，例如：\x0a 代表换行</td>
<td>
<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; print("\x48\x65\x6c\x6c\x6f\x20\x57\x6f\x72\x6c\x64\x21")
Hello World!</pre>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\other</td>
<td>其它的字符以普通格式输出</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>使用 <span class="marked">\r </span>实现百分比进度：</p>
<div class="example"><h2 class="example">实例</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">import</span> <span style="color: #05a;">time</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">for</span> i <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">in</span> <span style="color: Teal;">range</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span><span style="color: Maroon;">101</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span>:<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">print</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;<span style="color: #000099; font-weight: bold;">\r</span>{:3}%&quot;</span>.<span style="color: #05a;">format</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>i<span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span>end<span style="color: Gray;">=</span><span style="color: #a11;">' '</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #05a;">time</span>.<span style="color: #05a;">sleep</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span><span style="color: Maroon;">0.05</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><br />
</div></div><p>
以下实例，我们使用了不同的转义字符来演示单引号、换行符、制表符、退格符、换页符、八进制数和十六进制数的效果：</p>
<div class="example"><h2 class="example">实例</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">print</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #a11;">'<span style="color: #000099; font-weight: bold;">\'</span>Hello, world!<span style="color: #000099; font-weight: bold;">\'</span>'</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span> &nbsp;<span style="color: #a50"># 输出：'Hello, world!'</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">print</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;Hello, world!<span style="color: #000099; font-weight: bold;">\n</span>How are you?&quot;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span> &nbsp;<span style="color: #a50"># 输出：Hello, world!</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a50"># &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; How are you?</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">print</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;Hello, world!<span style="color: #000099; font-weight: bold;">\t</span>How are you?&quot;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span> &nbsp;<span style="color: #a50"># 输出：Hello, world! &nbsp; &nbsp;How are you?</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">print</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;Hello,<span style="color: #000099; font-weight: bold;">\b</span> world!&quot;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span> &nbsp;<span style="color: #a50"># 输出：Hell world!</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">print</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;Hello,<span style="color: #000099; font-weight: bold;">\f</span> world!&quot;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span> &nbsp;<span style="color: #a50"># 输出：</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #a50"># Hello,</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #a50"># &nbsp;world!</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">print</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;The ASCII value of A is&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: Teal;">ord</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #a11;">'A'</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span> &nbsp;<span style="color: #a50"># 输出：The ASCII value of A is 65</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">print</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;<span style="color: #000099; font-weight: bold;">\x</span>41 is the ASCII code for A&quot;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span> &nbsp;<span style="color: #a50"># 输出：A is the ASCII code for A</span><br />
</div></div>

<hr>


<h2>Python 字符串运算符</h2>
<p>下表实例变量 a 值为字符串 "Hello"，b 变量值为 "Python"：</p>
<table class="reference">
<tbody><tr>
<th width="10%">操作符</th><th>描述</th><th width="20%">实例</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>+</td><td>字符串连接</td><td> a + b 输出结果： HelloPython</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>*</td><td>重复输出字符串</td><td> a*2 输出结果：HelloHello</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[]</td><td>通过索引获取字符串中字符</td><td> a[1] 输出结果 <b>e</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[ : ]</td><td>截取字符串中的一部分，遵循<strong>左闭右开</strong>原则，str[0:2] 是不包含第 3 个字符的。</td><td> a[1:4] 输出结果 <b>ell</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>in</td><td>成员运算符 - 如果字符串中包含给定的字符返回 True </td><td> <b>'H' in a</b> 输出结果 True</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>not in </td><td>成员运算符 - 如果字符串中不包含给定的字符返回 True </td><td> <b>'M' not in a</b> 输出结果 True</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>r/R</td><td>原始字符串 - 原始字符串：所有的字符串都是直接按照字面的意思来使用，没有转义特殊或不能打印的字符。

原始字符串除在字符串的第一个引号前加上字母 <span class="marked">r</span>（可以大小写）以外，与普通字符串有着几乎完全相同的语法。</td><td><pre>
print( r'\n' )
print( R'\n' )
</pre></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>%</td><td>格式字符串</td><td>请看下一节内容。</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="example"> 
<h2 class="example">实例(Python 3.0+)</h2> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-comment">#!/usr/bin/python3</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-identifier">a</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">Hello</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">b</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">Python</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-identifier">print</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">a + b 输出结果：</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">a</span><span class="hl-code"> + </span><span class="hl-identifier">b</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">print</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">a * 2 输出结果：</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">a</span><span class="hl-code"> * </span><span class="hl-number">2</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">print</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">a[1] 输出结果：</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">a</span><span class="hl-brackets">[</span><span class="hl-number">1</span><span class="hl-brackets">]</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">print</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">a[1:4] 输出结果：</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">a</span><span class="hl-brackets">[</span><span class="hl-number">1</span><span class="hl-code">:</span><span class="hl-number">4</span><span class="hl-brackets">]</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-identifier">if</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">H</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-reserved">in</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">a</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code"> :
    </span><span class="hl-identifier">print</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">H 在变量 a 中</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-reserved">else</span><span class="hl-code"> :
    </span><span class="hl-identifier">print</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">H 不在变量 a 中</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-identifier">if</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">M</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-reserved">not</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-reserved">in</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">a</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code"> :
    </span><span class="hl-identifier">print</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">M 不在变量 a 中</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-reserved">else</span><span class="hl-code"> :
    </span><span class="hl-identifier">print</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">M 在变量 a 中</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-identifier">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-identifier">r</span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-special">\n</span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-identifier">R</span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-special">\n</span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>以上实例输出结果为：</p>
<pre>
a + b 输出结果： HelloPython
a * 2 输出结果： HelloHello
a[1] 输出结果： e
a[1:4] 输出结果： ell
H 在变量 a 中
M 不在变量 a 中
\n
\n</pre>



<hr>
<h2>Python 字符串格式化</h2>
<p>Python 支持格式化字符串的输出 。尽管这样可能会用到非常复杂的表达式，但最基本的用法是将一个值插入到一个有字符串格式符 %s 的字符串中。</p>

<p>在 Python 中，字符串格式化使用与 C 中 sprintf 函数一样的语法。</p>
<div class="example"> 
<h2 class="example">实例(Python 3.0+)</h2> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-comment">#!/usr/bin/python3</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-identifier">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">我叫 %s 今年 %d 岁!</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code"> % </span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-string">小明</span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-number">10</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>以上实例输出结果：</p>
<pre>
我叫 小明 今年 10 岁!
</pre>
<p>python字符串格式化符号:</p>
<table class="reference">
<tbody<tr><th>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 符&nbsp;&nbsp; 号</th>
<th>描述</th></tr><tr><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %c</font></td><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;格式化字符及其ASCII码</font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %s</font></td><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;格式化字符串</font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %d</font></td><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;格式化整数</font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %u</font></td><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;格式化无符号整型</font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %o</font></td><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;格式化无符号八进制数</font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %x</font></td><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;格式化无符号十六进制数</font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %X</font></td><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;格式化无符号十六进制数（大写）</font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %f</font></td><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;格式化浮点数字，可指定小数点后的精度</font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %e</font></td><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;用科学计数法格式化浮点数</font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %E</font></td><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;作用同%e，用科学计数法格式化浮点数</font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %g</font></td><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;%f和%e的简写</font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %G</font></td><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;%f 和 %E 的简写</font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %p</font></td><td><font face="宋体" size="2" style="line-height: 23px; ">&nbsp;用十六进制数格式化变量的地址</font></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>格式化操作符辅助指令:</p>
<table class="reference">
<tbody><tr>
<th>符号</th><th>功能</th>
</tr>
<tr><td>*</td><td>定义宽度或者小数点精度 </td></tr>
<tr><td>-</td><td>用做左对齐 </td></tr>
<tr><td>+</td><td>在正数前面显示加号( + ) </td></tr>
<tr><td>&lt;sp&gt;</td><td>在正数前面显示空格 </td></tr>
<tr><td>#</td><td> 在八进制数前面显示零('0')，在十六进制前面显示'0x'或者'0X'(取决于用的是'x'还是'X')</td></tr>
<tr><td>0</td><td> 显示的数字前面填充'0'而不是默认的空格 </td></tr>
<tr><td>%</td><td> '%%'输出一个单一的'%' </td></tr>
<tr><td>(var)</td><td>映射变量(字典参数) </td></tr>
<tr><td>m.n.</td><td>  m 是显示的最小总宽度,n 是小数点后的位数(如果可用的话)</td></tr>
</tbody></table><p>Python2.6 开始，新增了一种格式化字符串的函数 <a target="_blank" href="../python/att-string-format.html" rel="noopener noreferrer">str.format()</a>，它增强了字符串格式化的功能。</p>
<hr>
<h2>Python三引号 </h2>
<p>python三引号允许一个字符串跨多行，字符串中可以包含换行符、制表符以及其他特殊字符。实例如下</p>
<div class="example"> 
<h2 class="example">实例(Python 3.0+)</h2> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-comment">#!/usr/bin/python3</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-identifier">para_str</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">这是一个多行字符串的实例
多行字符串可以使用制表符
TAB ( </span><span class="hl-special">\t</span><span class="hl-string"> )。
也可以使用换行符 [ </span><span class="hl-special">\n</span><span class="hl-string"> ]。
</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-identifier">para_str</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>以上实例执行结果为：</p>
<pre>
这是一个多行字符串的实例
多行字符串可以使用制表符
TAB (    )。
也可以使用换行符 [ 
 ]。
</pre>
<p>三引号让程序员从引号和特殊字符串的泥潭里面解脱出来，自始至终保持一小块字符串的格式是所谓的WYSIWYG（所见即所得）格式的。</p>


<p>一个典型的用例是，当你需要一块HTML或者SQL时，这时用字符串组合，特殊字符串转义将会非常的繁琐。</p>
<div class="example"> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-identifier">errHTML</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-quotes">'''</span><span class="hl-string">
&lt;HTML&gt;&lt;HEAD&gt;&lt;TITLE&gt;
Friends CGI Demo&lt;/TITLE&gt;&lt;/HEAD&gt;
&lt;BODY&gt;&lt;H3&gt;ERROR&lt;/H3&gt;
&lt;B&gt;%s&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;
&lt;FORM&gt;&lt;INPUT TYPE=button VALUE=Back
ONCLICK=&quot;window.history.back()&quot;&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
&lt;/BODY&gt;&lt;/HTML&gt;
</span><span class="hl-quotes">'''</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">cursor</span><span class="hl-code">.</span><span class="hl-identifier">execute</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-quotes">'''</span><span class="hl-string">
CREATE TABLE users (  
login VARCHAR(8), 
uid INTEGER,
prid INTEGER)
</span><span class="hl-quotes">'''</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span></div>
</div>
</div>






<hr>
<h2>f-string</h2>

<p>f-string 是 python3.6 之后版本添加的，称之为字面量格式化字符串，是新的格式化字符串的语法。</p>

<p>之前我们习惯用百分号 (%):</p>

<div class="example"><h2 class="example">实例</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Gray;">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> name <span style="color: Gray;">=</span> <span style="color: #a11;">'Runoob'</span><br />
<span style="color: Gray;">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span style="color: #a11;">'Hello %s'</span> % name<br />
<span style="color: #a11;">'Hello Runoob'</span> <br />
</div></div>

<p><strong>f-string</strong> 格式化字符串以 <span class="marked">f</span> 开头，后面跟着字符串，字符串中的表达式用大括号 {} 包起来，它会将变量或表达式计算后的值替换进去，实例如下：</p>

<div class="example"><h2 class="example">实例</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Gray;">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> name <span style="color: Gray;">=</span> <span style="color: #a11;">'Runoob'</span><br />
<span style="color: Gray;">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> f<span style="color: #a11;">'Hello {name}'</span> &nbsp;<span style="color: #a50"># 替换变量</span><br />
<span style="color: #a11;">'Hello Runoob'</span><br />
<span style="color: Gray;">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> f<span style="color: #a11;">'{1+2}'</span> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a50"># 使用表达式</span><br />
<span style="color: #a11;">'3'</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: Gray;">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> w <span style="color: Gray;">=</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><span style="color: #a11;">'name'</span>: <span style="color: #a11;">'Runoob'</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">'url'</span>: <span style="color: #a11;">'www.runoob.com'</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><br />
<span style="color: Gray;">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> f<span style="color: #a11;">'{w[&quot;name&quot;]}: {w[&quot;url&quot;]}'</span><br />
<span style="color: #a11;">'Runoob: www.runoob.com'</span><br />
</div></div>

<p>用了这种方式明显更简单了，不用再去判断使用 %s，还是 %d。</p>




<p>在 Python 3.8 的版本中可以使用 <span class="marked">=</span> 符号来拼接运算表达式与结果：</p>
<div class="example"><h2 class="example">实例</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Gray;">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> x <span style="color: Gray;">=</span> <span style="color: Maroon;">1</span><br />
<span style="color: Gray;">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">print</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>f<span style="color: #a11;">'{x+1}'</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span> &nbsp; <span style="color: #a50"># Python 3.6</span><br />
<span style="color: Maroon;">2</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: Gray;">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> x <span style="color: Gray;">=</span> <span style="color: Maroon;">1</span><br />
<span style="color: Gray;">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">print</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>f<span style="color: #a11;">'{x+1=}'</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span> &nbsp; <span style="color: #a50"># Python 3.8</span><br />
x+<span style="color: Maroon;">1</span><span style="color: Gray;">=</span><span style="color: Maroon;">2</span><br />
</div></div>



<hr>
<h2>Unicode 字符串</h2>
<p>
在Python2中，普通字符串是以8位ASCII码进行存储的，而Unicode字符串则存储为16位unicode字符串，这样能够表示更多的字符集。使用的语法是在字符串前面加上前缀 <b>u</b>。
</p><p>
在Python3中，所有的字符串都是Unicode字符串。
</p>
<hr>
<h2>Python 的字符串内建函数</h2>
<p>Python 的字符串常用内建函数如下：</p>
</p>
<table class="reference">
<tbody><tr>
<th style="width:5%">序号</th><th>方法及描述</th></tr>
<tr><td>1</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-capitalize.html">capitalize()</a><br>将字符串的第一个字符转换为大写</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-center.html">center(width, fillchar)</a></p>
返回一个指定的宽度 width 居中的字符串，fillchar 为填充的字符，默认为空格。</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>3</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-count.html">count(str, beg= 0,end=len(string))</a></p><br>返回 str 在 string 里面出现的次数，如果 beg 或者 end 指定则返回指定范围内 str 出现的次数</td></tr>
<tr><td>4</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-decode.html">bytes.decode(encoding="utf-8", errors="strict")</a></p><br>Python3 中没有 decode 方法，但我们可以使用 bytes 对象的 decode() 方法来解码给定的 bytes 对象，这个 bytes 对象可以由 str.encode() 来编码返回。</td></tr>
<tr><td>5</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-encode.html">encode(encoding='UTF-8',errors='strict')</a></p><br>以 encoding 指定的编码格式编码字符串，如果出错默认报一个ValueError 的异常，除非 errors 指定的是'ignore'或者'replace'</td></tr>
<tr><td>6</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-endswith.html">endswith(suffix, beg=0, end=len(string))</a><br>检查字符串是否以 suffix 结束，如果 beg 或者 end 指定则检查指定的范围内是否以 suffix 结束，如果是，返回 True,否则返回 False。</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>7</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-expandtabs.html">expandtabs(tabsize=8)</a></p><br>把字符串 string 中的 tab 符号转为空格，tab 符号默认的空格数是 8 。</td></tr>
<tr><td>8</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-find.html">find(str, beg=0, end=len(string))</a></p><br>检测 str 是否包含在字符串中，如果指定范围 beg 和 end ，则检查是否包含在指定范围内，如果包含返回开始的索引值，否则返回-1</td></tr>
<tr><td>9</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-index.html">index(str, beg=0, end=len(string))</a></p><br>跟find()方法一样，只不过如果str不在字符串中会报一个异常。</td></tr>
<tr><td>10</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-isalnum.html">isalnum()</a></p><br>如果字符串至少有一个字符并且所有字符都是字母或数字则返
回 True，否则返回 False</td></tr>
<tr><td>11</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-isalpha.html">isalpha()</a></p><br>如果字符串至少有一个字符并且所有字符都是字母或中文字则返回 True,
否则返回 False</td></tr>
<tr><td>12</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-isdigit.html">isdigit()</a></p><br>如果字符串只包含数字则返回 True 否则返回 False..</td></tr>
<tr><td>13</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-islower.html">islower()</a></p><br>如果字符串中包含至少一个区分大小写的字符，并且所有这些(区分大小写的)字符都是小写，则返回 True，否则返回 False</td></tr>
<tr><td>14</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-isnumeric.html">isnumeric()</a></p><br>如果字符串中只包含数字字符，则返回 True，否则返回 False</td></tr>
<tr><td>15</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-isspace.html">isspace()</a></p><br>如果字符串中只包含空白，则返回 True，否则返回 False.</td></tr>
<tr><td>16</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-istitle.html">istitle()</a></p><br>	
如果字符串是标题化的(见 title())则返回 True，否则返回 False</td></tr>
<tr><td>17</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-isupper.html">isupper()</a></p><br>如果字符串中包含至少一个区分大小写的字符，并且所有这些(区分大小写的)字符都是大写，则返回 True，否则返回 False</td></tr>
<tr><td>18</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-join.html">join(seq)</a></p><br>以指定字符串作为分隔符，将 seq 中所有的元素(的字符串表示)合并为一个新的字符串</td></tr>
<tr><td>19</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-len.html">len(string)</a></p><br>返回字符串长度</td></tr>
<tr><td>20</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-ljust.html">ljust(width[, fillchar])</a></p><br>返回一个原字符串左对齐,并使用 fillchar 填充至长度 width 的新字符串，fillchar 默认为空格。</td></tr>
<tr><td>21</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-lower.html">lower()</a></p><br>转换字符串中所有大写字符为小写.</td></tr>
<tr><td>22</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-lstrip.html">lstrip()</a></p><br>截掉字符串左边的空格或指定字符。</td></tr>
<tr><td>23</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-maketrans.html">maketrans()</a></p><br>创建字符映射的转换表，对于接受两个参数的最简单的调用方式，第一个参数是字符串，表示需要转换的字符，第二个参数也是字符串表示转换的目标。</td></tr>
<tr><td>24</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-max.html">max(str)</a></p><br>返回字符串 str 中最大的字母。</td></tr>
<tr><td>25</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-min.html">min(str)</a></p><br>返回字符串 str 中最小的字母。</td></tr>
<tr><td>26</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-replace.html">replace(old, new [, max])</a></p><br>把 将字符串中的 old 替换成 new,如果 max 指定，则替换不超过 max 次。</td></tr>
<tr><td>27</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-rfind.html">rfind(str, beg=0,end=len(string))</a></p><br>类似于 find()函数，不过是从右边开始查找.</td></tr>
<tr><td>28</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-rindex.html">rindex( str, beg=0, end=len(string))</a></p><br>类似于 index()，不过是从右边开始.</td></tr>
<tr><td>29</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-rjust.html">rjust(width,[, fillchar])</a></p><br>返回一个原字符串右对齐,并使用fillchar(默认空格）填充至长度 width 的新字符串</td></tr>
<tr><td>30</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-rstrip.html">rstrip()</a></p><br>删除字符串末尾的空格或指定字符。</td></tr>
<tr><td>31</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-split.html">split(str="", num=string.count(str))</a></p><br>
以 str 为分隔符截取字符串，如果 num 有指定值，则仅截取 num+1 个子字符串</td></tr>
<tr><td>32</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-splitlines.html">splitlines([keepends])</a></p><br>按照行('\r', '\r\n', \n')分隔，返回一个包含各行作为元素的列表，如果参数 keepends 为 False，不包含换行符，如果为 True，则保留换行符。</td></tr>
<tr><td>33</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-startswith.html">startswith(substr, beg=0,end=len(string))</a></p><br>检查字符串是否是以指定子字符串 substr 开头，是则返回 True，否则返回 False。如果beg 和 end 指定值，则在指定范围内检查。</td></tr>
<tr><td>34</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-strip.html">strip([chars])</a></p><br>在字符串上执行 lstrip()和 rstrip()</td></tr>
<tr><td>35</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-swapcase.html">swapcase()</a></p><br>将字符串中大写转换为小写，小写转换为大写</td></tr>
<tr><td>36</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-title.html">title()</a></p><br>返回"标题化"的字符串,就是说所有单词都是以大写开始，其余字母均为小写(见 istitle())</td></tr>
<tr><td>37</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-translate.html">translate(table, deletechars="")</a></p><br>根据 table 给出的表(包含 256 个字符)转换 string 的字符,
要过滤掉的字符放到 deletechars 参数中</td></tr>
<tr><td>38</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-upper.html">upper()</a></p><br>	
转换字符串中的小写字母为大写</td></tr>
<tr><td>39</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-zfill.html">zfill (width)</a></p><br>返回长度为 width 的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0</td></tr>
<tr><td>40</td><td><p><a href="../python3/python3-string-isdecimal.html">isdecimal()</a></p><br>
检查字符串是否只包含十进制字符，如果是返回 true，否则返回 false。</td></tr>
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	<ol class="commentlist">
		<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-12232"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;江寒</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;jhl***hf@163.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-12232" data-commid = "12232" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">159</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-12232"><p>字符串截取字符补充：
</p><pre>
# 0、a,b为参数。从字符串指针为a的地方开始截取字符，到b的前一个位置（因为不包含b）
var1 = "hello world";
print(var1[a: b]);

# 1、如果a,b均不填写，默认取全部字符。即，下面这两个打印结果是一样的
print(var1[: ]);  # hello world
print(var1);      # hello world

# 2、如果a填写，b不填写（或填写的值大于指针下标），默认从a开始截取，至字符串最后一个位置
print(var1[3: ]); # lo world

# 3、如果a不填写， b填写，默认从0位置开始截取，至b的前一个位置
print(var1[: 8]); # hello wo

# 4、如果a为负数，默认从尾部某一位置，开始向后截取
print(var1[-2: ]); # ld

# 5、如果a&gt;=b, 默认输出为空。
print(var1[3: 3]);
print(var1[3: 2]);</pre><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">江寒</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;江寒</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;jhl***hf@163.com</p></div></span>6年前 (2017-05-21)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-13867"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Micachen</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;811***747@qq.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-13867" data-commid = "13867" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">108</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-13867"><p>python字符串格式化符号 %f 可指定小数点后的精度。</p>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; num=18.7254
&gt;&gt;&gt; print("the price  is  %.2f" %num)
the price  is  18.73
&gt;&gt;&gt; </pre><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">Micachen</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Micachen</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;811***747@qq.com</p></div></span>6年前 (2017-07-09)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-17200"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stone_Fly</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;fei***_abc@163.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-17200" data-commid = "17200" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">82</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-17200"><p><strong>python字符串格式化符号:</strong></p>

<p>%g 是 %f 和 %e 的简写是什么意思？到底是 %f 还是 %e？</p>

<p>对此我用代码测试了一下：</p>

<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; a=100000
&gt;&gt;&gt; print("%g"%(a))
100000
&gt;&gt;&gt; a=10000000
&gt;&gt;&gt; print("%g"%(a))
1e+07
&gt;&gt;&gt; a=1000000
&gt;&gt;&gt; print("%g"%(a))
1e+06</pre>
<p>可以发现，%g 是自动选择输出格式的，在六位数的情况下就会以科学计数法方式输出，文章中说 %g 是 %f 和 %e 的简写，但是我发现上述不是科学计数法方式输出的时候输出的是一个整数，于是又进行了如下测试：</p>

<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; a=100000.0
&gt;&gt;&gt; print("%g"%(a))
100000
&gt;&gt;&gt; print("%f"%(a))
100000.000000
&gt;&gt;&gt;</pre>
<p>发现 %g 在不是用 %e 输出的情况下和%f还是有区别的</p>

<p>对此我又做了如下测试：</p>

<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; a=100000.1
&gt;&gt;&gt; print("%g"%(a))
100000
&gt;&gt;&gt; a=1.0
&gt;&gt;&gt; print("%g"%(a))
1
&gt;&gt;&gt; a=1.1
&gt;&gt;&gt; print("%g"%(a))
1.1</pre>
<p>发现在 a=100000.1 的时候输出的数并没有小数点后面的 1，对此我对比了 C 语言 %g 的格式输出，猜想 python 中应该如同 C 语言一样，%g 用于打印数据时，会去掉多余的零，至多保留六位有效数字。</p><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">Stone_Fly</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stone_Fly</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;fei***_abc@163.com</p></div></span>6年前 (2017-09-06)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-17476"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hackmeng</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;715***8@qq.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-17476" data-commid = "17476" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">49</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-17476"><p><strong>使用格式化符号进行进制转换</strong></p>

<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; num=10
&gt;&gt;&gt; print('十六进制：%#x' % num)    #使用%x将十进制num格式化为十六进制
十六进制：0xa
&gt;&gt;&gt; print('二进制:', bin(num))      #使用bin将十进制num格式化为二进制
二进制: 0b1010
&gt;&gt;&gt; print('八进制：%#o' % num)      #使用%o将十进制num格式化为八进制
八进制：0o12</pre>
<p>上面使用格式化符号进行进制转换中，多加入了一个#号，目的是在转换结果头部显示当前进制类型，如不需要，可将#号去除，如下</p>

<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; print('八进制：%o' % num)
八进制：12
&gt;&gt;&gt; print('十六进制：%x' % num)
十六进制：a</pre><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">hackmeng</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hackmeng</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;715***8@qq.com</p></div></span>6年前 (2017-09-13)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-18975"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kukerzzz</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;150***9106@qq.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-18975" data-commid = "18975" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">42</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-18975"><p>字符串截取字符继续补充:</p>

<p><span class="marked">[::2]</span> 表示的是从头到尾，步长为2。第一个冒号两侧的数字是指截取字符串的范围,第二个冒号后面是指截取的步长。</p>
<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; L=['a','b','c','d','e','f','g']
&gt;&gt;&gt; print(L[::2]) 
['a', 'c', 'e', 'g']</pre>
<div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">kukerzzz</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kukerzzz</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;150***9106@qq.com</p></div></span>6年前 (2017-10-17)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-20035"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;我无所谓</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;125***6252@qq.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-20035" data-commid = "20035" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">20</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-20035"><p>可以使用负数从字符串右边末尾向左边反向索引，最右侧索引值是 <strong>-1</strong>:</p>

<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; str = "runoob"
&gt;&gt;&gt; str[-4]
'n'
&gt;&gt;&gt; </pre>
<div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">我无所谓</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;我无所谓</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;125***6252@qq.com</p></div></span>6年前 (2017-11-08)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-20092"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;jaycn06010</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;jay***6010@hotmail.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-20092" data-commid = "20092" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">32</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-20092"><p>字符串的分割还有partition()这种方式。</p>

<pre>partition(sep)  --&gt; (head,sep,tail)</pre>

<p>从左向右遇到分隔符把字符串分割成两部分，返回头、分割符、尾三部分的三元组。如果没有找到分割符，就返回头、尾两个空元素的三元组。</p>

<pre>s1 = "I'm a good sutdent."
#以'good'为分割符，返回头、分割符、尾三部分。
s2 = s1.partition('good')
#没有找到分割符'abc'，返回头、尾两个空元素的元组。
s3 = s1.partition('abc')

print(s1)
print(s2)
print(s3)</pre>
<p>结果如下：</p>


<pre>
I'm a good sutdent.
("I'm a ", 'good', ' sutdent.')
("I'm a good sutdent.", '', '')
</pre><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">jaycn06010</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;jaycn06010</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;jay***6010@hotmail.com</p></div></span>6年前 (2017-11-09)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-22246"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thestarinsky</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;the***rinsky@163.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-22246" data-commid = "22246" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">48</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-22246"><p>针对 Counter 的升级使用，示例如下：</p>

<pre>#必须引用如下库
from collections import Counter

#定义两个字符串变量
Var1 = "1116122137143151617181920849510"
Var2 = "1987262819009787718192084951"

#以字典的形式，输出每个字符串中出现的字符及其数量
print (Counter(Var1))
print (Counter(Var2))</pre>

<p>输出如下：</p>
<pre>Counter({'1': 12, '2': 3, '6': 2, '3': 2, '7': 2, '4': 2, '5': 2, '8': 2, '9': 2, '0': 2})
Counter({'1': 5, '9': 5, '8': 5, '7': 4, '2': 3, '0': 3, '6': 1, '4': 1, '5': 1})</pre>
<p>针对输出的结果，可以根据字典的定义进行其他必要的操作</p><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">thestarinsky</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thestarinsky</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;the***rinsky@163.com</p></div></span>5年前 (2017-12-28)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-28804"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;逗号不是很逗</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;wqx***991@126.com</p><p><i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://bbs.fishc.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&amp;tid=80863&amp;typeid=392">&nbsp;&nbsp;参考地址</a></p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-28804" data-commid = "28804" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">51</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-28804"><p data-title="Python isdigit 和 isnumeric 的区别?"><strong>isdigit 和 isnumeric的区别?</strong></p>
<pre>def dn():
    dgt=[]
    num=[]
    c=0
    for c in range(2**16):
            ch=chr(c)
            if ch.isdigit():dgt.append(ch)
            if ch.isnumeric():num.append(ch)
    print('digits:',dgt)
    print('numeric:',num)
dn()</pre>
<p>以上代码执行输出结果为：</p>
<pre>digits: ['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '&sup2;', '&sup3;', '&sup1;', '٠', '١', '٢', '٣', '٤', '٥', '٦', '٧', '٨', '٩', '۰', '۱', '۲', '۳', '۴', '۵', '۶', '۷', '۸', '۹', '߀', '߁', '߂', '߃', '߄', '߅', '߆', '߇', '߈', '߉', '०', '१', '२', '३', '४', '५', '६', '७', '८', '९', '০', '১', '২', '৩', '৪', '৫', '৬', '৭', '৮', '৯', '੦', '੧', '੨', '੩', '੪', '੫', '੬', '੭', '੮', '੯', '૦', '૧', '૨', '૩', '૪', '૫', '૬', '૭', '૮', '૯', '୦', '୧', '୨', '୩', '୪', '୫', '୬', '୭', '୮', '୯', '௦', '௧', '௨', '௩', '௪', '௫', '௬', '௭', '௮', '௯', '౦', '౧', '౨', '౩', '౪', '౫', '౬', '౭', '౮', '౯', '೦', '೧', '೨', '೩', '೪', '೫', '೬', '೭', '೮', '೯', '൦', '൧', '൨', '൩', '൪', '൫', '൬', '൭', '൮', '൯', '෦', '෧', '෨', '෩', '෪', '෫', '෬', '෭', '෮', '෯', '๐', '๑', '๒', '๓', '๔', '๕', '๖', '๗', '๘', '๙', '໐', '໑', '໒', '໓', '໔', '໕', '໖', '໗', '໘', '໙', '༠', '༡', '༢', '༣', '༤', '༥', '༦', '༧', '༨', '༩', '၀', '၁', '၂', '၃', '၄', '၅', '၆', '၇', '၈', '၉', '႐', '႑', '႒', '႓', '႔', '႕', '႖', '႗', '႘', '႙', '፩', '፪', '፫', '፬', '፭', '፮', '፯', '፰', '፱', '០', '១', '២', '៣', '៤', '៥', '៦', '៧', '៨', '៩', '᠐', '᠑', '᠒', '᠓', '᠔', '᠕', '᠖', '᠗', '᠘', '᠙', '᥆', '᥇', '᥈', '᥉', '᥊', '᥋', '᥌', '᥍', '᥎', '᥏', '᧐', '᧑', '᧒', '᧓', '᧔', '᧕', '᧖', '᧗', '᧘', '᧙', '᧚', '᪀', '᪁', '᪂', '᪃', '᪄', '᪅', '᪆', '᪇', '᪈', '᪉', '᪐', '᪑', '᪒', '᪓', '᪔', '᪕', '᪖', '᪗', '᪘', '᪙', '᭐', '᭑', '᭒', '᭓', '᭔', '᭕', '᭖', '᭗', '᭘', '᭙', '᮰', '᮱', '᮲', '᮳', '᮴', '᮵', '᮶', '᮷', '᮸', '᮹', '᱀', '᱁', '᱂', '᱃', '᱄', '᱅', '᱆', '᱇', '᱈', '᱉', '᱐', '᱑', '᱒', '᱓', '᱔', '᱕', '᱖', '᱗', '᱘', '᱙', '⁰', '⁴', '⁵', '⁶', '⁷', '⁸', '⁹', '₀', '₁', '₂', '₃', '₄', '₅', '₆', '₇', '₈', '₉', '①', '②', '③', '④', '⑤', '⑥', '⑦', '⑧', '⑨', '⑴', '⑵', '⑶', '⑷', '⑸', '⑹', '⑺', '⑻', '⑼', '⒈', '⒉', '⒊', '⒋', '⒌', '⒍', '⒎', '⒏', '⒐', '⓪', '⓵', '⓶', '⓷', '⓸', '⓹', '⓺', '⓻', '⓼', '⓽', '⓿', '❶', '❷', '❸', '❹', '❺', '❻', '❼', '❽', '❾', '➀', '➁', '➂', '➃', '➄', '➅', '➆', '➇', '➈', '➊', '➋', '➌', '➍', '➎', '➏', '➐', '➑', '➒', '꘠', '꘡', '꘢', '꘣', '꘤', '꘥', '꘦', '꘧', '꘨', '꘩', '꣐', '꣑', '꣒', '꣓', '꣔', '꣕', '꣖', '꣗', '꣘', '꣙', '꤀', '꤁', '꤂', '꤃', '꤄', '꤅', '꤆', '꤇', '꤈', '꤉', '꧐', '꧑', '꧒', '꧓', '꧔', '꧕', '꧖', '꧗', '꧘', '꧙', '꧰', '꧱', '꧲', '꧳', '꧴', '꧵', '꧶', '꧷', '꧸', '꧹', '꩐', '꩑', '꩒', '꩓', '꩔', '꩕', '꩖', '꩗', '꩘', '꩙', '꯰', '꯱', '꯲', '꯳', '꯴', '꯵', '꯶', '꯷', '꯸', '꯹', '０', '１', '２', '３', '４', '５', '６', '７', '８', '９']
numeric: ['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '&sup2;', '&sup3;', '&sup1;', '&frac14;', '&frac12;', '&frac34;', '٠', '١', '٢', '٣', '٤', '٥', '٦', '٧', '٨', '٩', '۰', '۱', '۲', '۳', '۴', '۵', '۶', '۷', '۸', '۹', '߀', '߁', '߂', '߃', '߄', '߅', '߆', '߇', '߈', '߉', '०', '१', '२', '३', '४', '५', '६', '७', '८', '९', '০', '১', '২', '৩', '৪', '৫', '৬', '৭', '৮', '৯', '৴', '৵', '৶', '৷', '৸', '৹', '੦', '੧', '੨', '੩', '੪', '੫', '੬', '੭', '੮', '੯', '૦', '૧', '૨', '૩', '૪', '૫', '૬', '૭', '૮', '૯', '୦', '୧', '୨', '୩', '୪', '୫', '୬', '୭', '୮', '୯', '୲', '୳', '୴', '୵', '୶', '୷', '௦', '௧', '௨', '௩', '௪', '௫', '௬', '௭', '௮', '௯', '௰', '௱', '௲', '౦', '౧', '౨', '౩', '౪', '౫', '౬', '౭', '౮', '౯', '౸', '౹', '౺', '౻', '౼', '౽', '౾', '೦', '೧', '೨', '೩', '೪', '೫', '೬', '೭', '೮', '೯', '൘', '൙', '൚', '൛', '൜', '൝', '൞', '൦', '൧', '൨', '൩', '൪', '൫', '൬', '൭', '൮', '൯', '൰', '൱', '൲', '൳', '൴', '൵', '൶', '൷', '൸', '෦', '෧', '෨', '෩', '෪', '෫', '෬', '෭', '෮', '෯', '๐', '๑', '๒', '๓', '๔', '๕', '๖', '๗', '๘', '๙', '໐', '໑', '໒', '໓', '໔', '໕', '໖', '໗', '໘', '໙', '༠', '༡', '༢', '༣', '༤', '༥', '༦', '༧', '༨', '༩', '༪', '༫', '༬', '༭', '༮', '༯', '༰', '༱', '༲', '༳', '၀', '၁', '၂', '၃', '၄', '၅', '၆', '၇', '၈', '၉', '႐', '႑', '႒', '႓', '႔', '႕', '႖', '႗', '႘', '႙', '፩', '፪', '፫', '፬', '፭', '፮', '፯', '፰', '፱', '፲', '፳', '፴', '፵', '፶', '፷', '፸', '፹', '፺', '፻', '፼', 'ᛮ', 'ᛯ', 'ᛰ', '០', '១', '២', '៣', '៤', '៥', '៦', '៧', '៨', '៩', '៰', '៱', '៲', '៳', '៴', '៵', '៶', '៷', '៸', '៹', '᠐', '᠑', '᠒', '᠓', '᠔', '᠕', '᠖', '᠗', '᠘', '᠙', '᥆', '᥇', '᥈', '᥉', '᥊', '᥋', '᥌', '᥍', '᥎', '᥏', '᧐', '᧑', '᧒', '᧓', '᧔', '᧕', '᧖', '᧗', '᧘', '᧙', '᧚', '᪀', '᪁', '᪂', '᪃', '᪄', '᪅', '᪆', '᪇', '᪈', '᪉', '᪐', '᪑', '᪒', '᪓', '᪔', '᪕', '᪖', '᪗', '᪘', '᪙', '᭐', '᭑', '᭒', '᭓', '᭔', '᭕', '᭖', '᭗', '᭘', '᭙', '᮰', '᮱', '᮲', '᮳', '᮴', '᮵', '᮶', '᮷', '᮸', '᮹', '᱀', '᱁', '᱂', '᱃', '᱄', '᱅', '᱆', '᱇', '᱈', '᱉', '᱐', '᱑', '᱒', '᱓', '᱔', '᱕', '᱖', '᱗', '᱘', '᱙', '⁰', '⁴', '⁵', '⁶', '⁷', '⁸', '⁹', '₀', '₁', '₂', '₃', '₄', '₅', '₆', '₇', '₈', '₉', '⅐', '⅑', '⅒', '⅓', '⅔', '⅕', '⅖', '⅗', '⅘', '⅙', '⅚', '⅛', '⅜', '⅝', '⅞', '⅟', 'Ⅰ', 'Ⅱ', 'Ⅲ', 'Ⅳ', 'Ⅴ', 'Ⅵ', 'Ⅶ', 'Ⅷ', 'Ⅸ', 'Ⅹ', 'Ⅺ', 'Ⅻ', 'Ⅼ', 'Ⅽ', 'Ⅾ', 'Ⅿ', 'ⅰ', 'ⅱ', 'ⅲ', 'ⅳ', 'ⅴ', 'ⅵ', 'ⅶ', 'ⅷ', 'ⅸ', 'ⅹ', 'ⅺ', 'ⅻ', 'ⅼ', 'ⅽ', 'ⅾ', 'ⅿ', 'ↀ', 'ↁ', 'ↂ', 'ↅ', 'ↆ', 'ↇ', 'ↈ', '↉', '①', '②', '③', '④', '⑤', '⑥', '⑦', '⑧', '⑨', '⑩', '⑪', '⑫', '⑬', '⑭', '⑮', '⑯', '⑰', '⑱', '⑲', '⑳', '⑴', '⑵', '⑶', '⑷', '⑸', '⑹', '⑺', '⑻', '⑼', '⑽', '⑾', '⑿', '⒀', '⒁', '⒂', '⒃', '⒄', '⒅', '⒆', '⒇', '⒈', '⒉', '⒊', '⒋', '⒌', '⒍', '⒎', '⒏', '⒐', '⒑', '⒒', '⒓', '⒔', '⒕', '⒖', '⒗', '⒘', '⒙', '⒚', '⒛', '⓪', '⓫', '⓬', '⓭', '⓮', '⓯', '⓰', '⓱', '⓲', '⓳', '⓴', '⓵', '⓶', '⓷', '⓸', '⓹', '⓺', '⓻', '⓼', '⓽', '⓾', '⓿', '❶', '❷', '❸', '❹', '❺', '❻', '❼', '❽', '❾', '❿', '➀', '➁', '➂', '➃', '➄', '➅', '➆', '➇', '➈', '➉', '➊', '➋', '➌', '➍', '➎', '➏', '➐', '➑', '➒', '➓', '⳽', '〇', '〡', '〢', '〣', '〤', '〥', '〦', '〧', '〨', '〩', '〸', '〹', '〺', '㆒', '㆓', '㆔', '㆕', '㈠', '㈡', '㈢', '㈣', '㈤', '㈥', '㈦', '㈧', '㈨', '㈩', '㉈', '㉉', '㉊', '㉋', '㉌', '㉍', '㉎', '㉏', '㉑', '㉒', '㉓', '㉔', '㉕', '㉖', '㉗', '㉘', '㉙', '㉚', '㉛', '㉜', '㉝', '㉞', '㉟', '㊀', '㊁', '㊂', '㊃', '㊄', '㊅', '㊆', '㊇', '㊈', '㊉', '㊱', '㊲', '㊳', '㊴', '㊵', '㊶', '㊷', '㊸', '㊹', '㊺', '㊻', '㊼', '㊽', '㊾', '㊿', '㐅', '㒃', '㠪', '㭍', '一', '七', '万', '三', '九', '二', '五', '亖', '亿', '什', '仟', '仨', '伍', '佰', '億', '兆', '兩', '八', '六', '十', '千', '卄', '卅', '卌', '叁', '参', '參', '叄', '四', '壱', '壹', '幺', '廾', '廿', '弌', '弍', '弎', '弐', '拾', '捌', '柒', '漆', '玖', '百', '肆', '萬', '貮', '貳', '贰', '阡', '陆', '陌', '陸', '零', '꘠', '꘡', '꘢', '꘣', '꘤', '꘥', '꘦', '꘧', '꘨', '꘩', 'ꛦ', 'ꛧ', 'ꛨ', 'ꛩ', 'ꛪ', 'ꛫ', 'ꛬ', 'ꛭ', 'ꛮ', 'ꛯ', '꠰', '꠱', '꠲', '꠳', '꠴', '꠵', '꣐', '꣑', '꣒', '꣓', '꣔', '꣕', '꣖', '꣗', '꣘', '꣙', '꤀', '꤁', '꤂', '꤃', '꤄', '꤅', '꤆', '꤇', '꤈', '꤉', '꧐', '꧑', '꧒', '꧓', '꧔', '꧕', '꧖', '꧗', '꧘', '꧙', '꧰', '꧱', '꧲', '꧳', '꧴', '꧵', '꧶', '꧷', '꧸', '꧹', '꩐', '꩑', '꩒', '꩓', '꩔', '꩕', '꩖', '꩗', '꩘', '꩙', '꯰', '꯱', '꯲', '꯳', '꯴', '꯵', '꯶', '꯷', '꯸', '꯹', '參', '拾', '兩', '零', '六', '陸', '什', '０', '１', '２', '３', '４', '５', '６', '７', '８', '９']</pre><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="../note/28804">逗号不是很逗</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;逗号不是很逗</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;wqx***991@126.com</p><p><i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://bbs.fishc.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&amp;tid=80863&amp;typeid=392">&nbsp;&nbsp;参考地址</a></p></div></span>5年前 (2018-06-27)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-40000"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;woiflower</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;woi***wer@163.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-40000" data-commid = "40000" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">13</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-40000"><p><strong>IP 掩码换算</strong></p>

<p>代码：</p>

<pre>b = '1'
bs_len = len(b)
while bs_len &lt; 9:
    #global b
    b_b=b.ljust(8,'0')
    d=int(b_b,2)
    print('二进制 %s 相当于十进制 %s' %(b_b,d))
    b = b +"1"
    bs_len=len(b)</pre>
<p>输出:</p>

<pre>二进制 10000000 相当于十进制 128
二进制 11000000 相当于十进制 192
二进制 11100000 相当于十进制 224
二进制 11110000 相当于十进制 240
二进制 11111000 相当于十进制 248
二进制 11111100 相当于十进制 252
二进制 11111110 相当于十进制 254
二进制 11111111 相当于十进制 255</pre>
<div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">woiflower</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;woiflower</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;woi***wer@163.com</p></div></span>4年前 (2019-02-22)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-41011"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;觉远大师</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;106***5870@qq.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-41011" data-commid = "41011" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">40</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-41011"><p>字符串与列表，元组的互相转换。</p>

<p>1、字符串转换为列表</p>

<pre>var='菜鸟教程'
list=[]
list=[i for i in var]</pre>

<p>2、列表转化为字符串</p>

<p>使用 join 来实现:</p>

<pre>var1=' ,'.join(list)</pre>

<p>3、字符串转化为元组，使用 tuple() 函数</p>

<pre>tup=tuple(var)</pre><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">觉远大师</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;觉远大师</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;106***5870@qq.com</p></div></span>4年前 (2019-03-20)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-48376"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;qinjeremy</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;qin***emy@msn.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-48376" data-commid = "48376" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">76</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-48376"><p>字符串等倒序小测：</p>

<pre>ch = "我给大佬点烟。"
ls = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
st = (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
print(ch[::-1])
print(ls[::-1])
print(st[::-1])</pre>
<p>输出:</p>

<pre>。烟点佬大给我
[4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
(4, 3, 2, 1, 0)</pre><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">qinjeremy</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;qinjeremy</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;qin***emy@msn.com</p></div></span>4年前 (2019-11-13)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
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	</div>
		
	<form action="/wp-content/themes/runoob/option/addnote.php" method="post" id="commentform" style="display:none;">
		<div class="comt">
			<div class="comt-title">
				<i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i>				<p><a id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="javascript:;">取消</a></p>
			</div>
			<div class="comt-box">
			<div id="mded"></div>
			
				<div class="comt-ctrl">
					<div class="comt-tips"><input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='7284' id='comment_post_ID' />
<input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' />
</div>
					<button type="submit" name="submit" id="submit" tabindex="5"><i class="fa fa-pencil" aria-hidden="true"></i> 分享笔记</button>
				</div>
			</div>
		
				
					<div class="comt-comterinfo"> 
						<ul id="comment-author-info">
							<li class="form-inline"><label class="hide" for="author">昵称</label><input class="ipt" type="text" name="author" id="author" value="" tabindex="2" placeholder="昵称"><span class="text-muted">昵称 (必填)</span></li>
							<li class="form-inline"><label class="hide" for="email">邮箱</label><input class="ipt" type="text" name="email" id="email" value="" tabindex="3" placeholder="邮箱"><span class="text-muted">邮箱 (必填)</span></li>
							<li class="form-inline"><label class="hide" for="url">引用地址</label><input class="ipt" type="text" name="url" id="url" value="" tabindex="4" placeholder="引用地址"><span class="text-muted">引用地址</span></li>
						</ul>
					</div>
				
			
		</div>

	</form>
	</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function() {
	//初始化编辑器
	
	var editor = new Simditor({
	  textarea: $('#mded'),
	  placeholder: '写笔记...',
	  upload:false,
	 // upload: {url:'/api/comment_upload_file.php',params: null,fileKey: 'upload_file',connectionCount: 1,leaveConfirm: '文件正在上传，您确定离开?'},
	  defaultImage: 'https://www.runoob.com/images/logo.png',
	  codeLanguages: '',
	  autosave: 'editor-content',
	  toolbar: [  'bold','code','ul','ol','image' ]
	});
	editor.on('selectionchanged', function() {
		$(".code-popover").hide();
	});

	// 提交数据
	$("#share_code").click(function() {
		$(".comment-signarea").hide();
		$("#commentform").show();
		
	});
	$("#user_add_note").click(function() {
		$(".comment-signarea").hide();
		$("#commentform").show();
		$('html, body').animate({
       	    scrollTop: $("#respond").offset().top
    	}, 200);
	});

	// 提交笔记
	var commentform=$('#commentform');
	commentform.prepend('<div id="comment-status" style="display:none;" ></div>');
	var statusdiv=$('#comment-status');
	
	commentform.submit(function(e){
		e.preventDefault();
		var noteContent = editor.getValue();
		// console.log(noteContent);
		noteContent = noteContent.replace(/<pre><code>/g,"<pre>");
		noteContent = noteContent.replace(/<\/code><\/pre>/g,"</pre>");
		
		// 系列化表单数据
		var comment_parent = 0;
		var is_user_logged_in = $("#is_user_logged_in").val();
		var comment_post_ID =  7284;
		var _wp_unfiltered_html_comment = $("#_wp_unfiltered_html_comment").val();
		var comment = noteContent;
		var author = $("#author").val();
		var url = $("#url").val();
		var email = $("#email").val();
		if(isBlank(author) && is_user_logged_in==0) {
			statusdiv.html('<p  class="ajax-error">请输入昵称！</p>').show();
		} else if(isBlank(email)  && is_user_logged_in==0) {
			statusdiv.html('<p  class="ajax-error">请输入邮箱！</p>').show();
		} else {
			// var formdata=commentform.serialize() + "&comment=" + noteContent ;
			// 添加状态信息
			statusdiv.html('<p>Processing...</p>').show();
			// 获取表单提交地址
			var formurl=commentform.attr('action');
			
			// 异步提交
			$.ajax({
					type: 'post',
					url: formurl,
					dataType:'json',
					data: {"comment_parent":comment_parent,"comment_post_ID":comment_post_ID, "_wp_unfiltered_html_comment":_wp_unfiltered_html_comment,"comment":comment,"url":url, "email":email,"author":author},
					error: function(XMLHttpRequest, textStatus, errorThrown){
					statusdiv.html('<p class="ajax-error" >数据不完整或表单提交太快了！</p>').show();
				},
				success: function(data, textStatus){
					if(data.errorno=="0") {
						$("#submit").prop('disabled', true);
						statusdiv.html('<p class="ajax-success" >笔记已提交审核，感谢分享笔记！</p>').show();
						alert('笔记已提交审核，感谢分享笔记！');
					}else{
						statusdiv.html('<p class="ajax-error" >'+data.msg+'</p>').show();
					}
					commentform.find('textarea[name=comment]').val('');
				}
			});
			setTimeout(function(){
		        $("#submit").prop('disabled', false);
		    }, 10*1000);
		}
		return false;

	});
	$(".comt-author").click(function() {
		href = $(this).children("a").attr("href");
		if(href.indexOf("/note/")!=-1) {
			var win = window.open(href, '_blank');
  			win.focus();
		}
	});
	$(".comt-meta span").hover(function(){
		$(this).children(".tooltip").css({ "opacity": 1, "pointer-events": "auto"});
	},function(){
		$(this).children(".tooltip").removeAttr("style");
	});
	/*
	$(".wrapper i").hover(function(){
		$(this).siblings(".tooltip").css({ "opacity": 1, "pointer-events": "auto"});
	},function(){
		$(this).siblings(".tooltip").css({ "opacity": 0, "pointer-events": "auto"});
	});
	*/
	//Upvote.create('runoobvote-id', {callback: vote_callback});
	var ajaxurl = 'https://www.runoob.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php';
	var callback = function(data) {
		//console.log($('#runoobvote-id').upvote('upvoted'));
		//console.log($('#runoobvote-id').upvote('downvoted'));
		//console.log(data);
		_vote_action = data.action;
		id_arr = data.id.split('-');
		um_id= id_arr[2];
		//console.log(um_id);
		
		var re = /^[1-9]+/;
		if (re.test(um_id)) { 
			var ajax_data = {
				_vote_action: _vote_action,
				action: "pinglun_zan",
				um_id: um_id,
				um_action: "ding"
			};
			//console.log(ajax_data);
			$.post(ajaxurl,ajax_data,function(status){
				//if(status.vote_num>999) {
				//	_voteHtml = '<span style="display: block; text-align: center;font-size: 20px; color: #6a737c; margin: 8px 0;">'+kFormatter(status.vote_num) +'</span>';
				//	$("#runoobvote-id-" + um_id + " .count").hide().after(_voteHtml);
				//}
				
			});
		}
	};
	if($('#comments').length && $('.upvotejs').length){
		$('.upvotejs').upvote({id: 7284, callback: callback});
	
		$.post(ajaxurl,{"action":"pinglun_zan","postid":7284},function(data){  
			$(data).each(function(key,value) {
				$("#runoobvote-id-" + value.commid + " .upvote").addClass(value.upvotejs_class);
				$("#runoobvote-id-" + value.commid + " .downvote").addClass(value.downvote_class);
				$("#runoobvote-id-" + value.commid + " .count").text(value.upvote_count);
			})
		},'json');
		
	}
	
	
});
function isBlank(str) {
    return (!str || /^\s*$/.test(str));
}
function kFormatter(num) {
	// return num;
    return Math.abs(num) > 999 ? Math.sign(num)*((Math.abs(num)/1000).toFixed(1)) + 'k' : Math.sign(num)*Math.abs(num)
}

</script>

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